Canadian Society for Medical Laboratory Science (CSMLS) Practice Exam

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What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Bowman's capsule
Loop of Henle
Glomerulus
Nephron

The correct answer is: Nephron

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, consisting of a complex structure that plays a crucial role in filtering blood and forming urine. Each nephron is responsible for the processes of filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion. The nephron includes several components, such as the renal corpuscle (which comprises Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus) and the renal tubules (which include the proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, and distal tubule). Together, these structures work in harmony to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. This interconnection is why the nephron is considered the fundamental unit of kidney function, as it encapsulates all the necessary components to perform essential kidney tasks. Other options, such as Bowman's capsule, the Loop of Henle, and the glomerulus, represent important parts of the nephron but do not encompass the entirety of its functioning capabilities. Therefore, the nephron is accurately identified as the functional unit of the kidney.